Single-Ended vs. Differential Amplifiers

Most often than not, the signal from the sensor in a measurement and control or monitoring system is very small (one millivolt or less) and a key step in signal conditioning is amplification. Therefore, the sensor is often connected to … Read more

Causes of Ground Loops in Instrumentation & How to Avoid Them

Causes of Ground Loops In Instrumentation

We may have situations in instrumentation and control systems, where the sensor and the signal conditioning unit such as an amplifier or current-to-voltage converter are located some distance apart and are connected by a … Read more

Passive vs. Active Sensors

Sensors are normally used to convert physical variables like pressure to signal variables. Sensors are also often termed to as transducers since they are devices that convert input energy of one form into output energy of another form. Sensors can … Read more

Features & Configuration of a Smart Pressure Transmitter

Smart/Intelligent pressure transmitters are microprocessor-based, and they provide additional functional capabilities beyond their basic role of just sensing and representing a process variable; for example they provide computing, diagnostics, and networking capabilities .

We shall consider a capacitive sensing … Read more

How Signal Processing Circuits are protected from high currents & voltages

Protection against high currents and voltages is a very important requirement for signal processing circuits. A high current can be protected against by the incorporation in the input line of a series resistor to limit the amount of current flowing … Read more