Tag: instrumentation
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Functional Safety in Instrumentation Systems (SIS, SIF & SIL)
Functional safety is the risk reduction provided by the functions implemented to ensure the safe operations of the process. The IEC 61508 standard covers functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems. The purpose of IEC 61508 is to use safety … Read more
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4-20 mA Transmitters (2-wire, 3-wire and 4-wire Types)
Background of 4-20 mA Signal Transmission Initially signal transmission was dominated by pneumatics before the advent of 4-20 mA signal standard. The standard was 3-15 psi pneumatic signal where the 3 psi was the ‘live zero’ and 15 psi represented … Read more
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What is a Smart Sensor?
A smart sensor is the integration of a sensor with an analogue to digital converter (ADC), a processor and digital to analogue converter (ADC) for actuator control. A typical application of a smart sensor set up is a temperature control … Read more
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P&IDs and Loop Diagrams
Process and Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs), also called Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams and Loop diagrams are construction and documentation drawings that show the flow of the process and illustrate the instrumentation control and measurement instructions, wiring and connections to the process.… Read more
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What is Process Control?
Process control can be defined as a control system that manages a particular industrial process so that a uniform, correct output is maintained. It does this by monitoring and adjusting the control parameters such as the flow rate or temperature … Read more
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Types of Sensors used in Measurement and Process Control
A sensor is an element in a measurement system that detects the magnitude of a physical variable or parameter and changes it into a signal that can be processed by the system. The active element of a sensor is often … Read more
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Basic Facts about Data Acquisition (DAQ) and Process Control
The goal of most electronic systems is to measure or control some physical quantity. The system will have to acquire data from the environment, process this data and record it. As a control system, it will also have to … Read more
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Performance Characteristics of Digital Measurement Instruments
In this article, we discuss the performance characteristics of digital instruments i.e. ResolutionAccuracyLinear errorsSettling timeTemperature sensitivityMonotonicity Resolution This is defined as the smallest increment in voltage that can be discerned. It is the reciprocal of … Read more
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Digital vs. Analog Instruments
Electronic instruments mainly voltmeters used either transistor or vacuum tubes. The later one is called The Vacuum Tube Voltmeter (VTVM) and the former one is called the Transistorized Voltmeter (TVM). In almost every field of electronics, VTVMs have been replaced … Read more
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The Operation of a Temperature Control System for lubricating oil
A lubrication oil temperature control system Lubrication oil temperature control system block diagram Lubricating oil reduces friction between moving parts and also removes heat from the components. As a result, the oil becomes hot. This heat is removed from the … Read more