Tag: instrumentation
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The Principle of an Optical Pyrometer Temperature Sensor
A heated object emits electromagnetic radiation. At temperatures below approximately 400 °C this radiation can be felt as heat. As the temperature rises, the object starts to emit visible radiation passing from red through yellow to white. Intuitively we can … Read more
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Types of Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Techniques
The technology of ultrasonic testing has been used by production and industry since the development of the radio engineering process. The effect and device of the technology are that ultrasonic waves of acoustic type do not change the rectilinear trajectory … Read more
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The Principle of Operation of Optical Encoders
An encoder is a device that provides a digital output as a result of an angular or linear displacement. The position encoders can be grouped into two categories: Incremental encoders, which detect changes in displacement from some datum position. Absolute … Read more
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Features of Analog Signal Transmission
Analog voltage or current signals are hardwired between the transmitter and the receiver. These analog signals can be relatively be slow to settle compared to digital signals, due time constant of the lead capacitance, inductance and resistance. Analog signals … Read more
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The Construction & Principle of Operation of Load Cells
A load cell converts a force (usually the gravitation force from an object being weighed) to a strain which can then be converted to an electrical signal by strain gauges. A load cell will typically have a local circuit as … Read more
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Features & Configuration of a Smart Pressure Transmitter
Smart/Intelligent pressure transmitters are microprocessor-based, and they provide additional functional capabilities beyond their basic role of just sensing and representing a process variable; for example they provide computing, diagnostics, and networking capabilities . We shall consider a capacitive sensing … Read more
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Basic Features of Controller Area Network (CAN)
Controller Area Network (CAN) is a serial communication protocol developed primarily for applications in the automotive industry. It is also capable of offering good performance in other time-critical industrial applications. The CAN protocol is optimized for short messages and uses … Read more
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Technical Aspects of Foundation Fieldbus
Foundation fieldbus (FF) is an all-digital, serial, two-way communication system for industrial applications. Foundation fieldbus specifications include two different configurations: H1 and HSE. H1 Foundation Fieldbus (FF) H1 FF communication system is mainly applied to distributed continuous process control; … Read more
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Topological Network Structures used in Fieldbus Systems
Topology is an important property of fieldbus. It is employed in the selection and definition of the best and suitable physical layout of the fieldbus network. The physical layer of the fieldbus has to meet somewhat demanding requirements like immunity … Read more