Several mechanical input sensors, as well as some sensors which measure humidity or temperature, operate by the transduced quantity causing…
An instrument may be calibrated by comparing its reading with that of a more accurate instrument when both are measuring…
The figure below shows two dc ammeters connected in series, so that they are both measuring the same current. Figure: …
Most of the water treatment plants in the previous decade were manually operated. However, they were automated to a certain…
An analog controller typically employs op-amps to provide the necessary gain and signal processing. Let’s consider the flow control system…
A typical electric solenoid actuator consists of a coil, armature, spring, and stem. This is illustrated in the figure below:…
A pressure control valve is a spring-loaded valve that is capable of maintaining a constant pressure in a system regardless…
Valves are the final element in a control loop, and are critical in providing the correct flow. The valve, usually…
Instrument transformers are used in the measurement of voltage, current, energy, and power in ac circuits. The main reasons why…
If a bluff (non-streamlined) body is placed in a flow, vortices detach themselves at regular intervals from the downstream side…
