Tag: instrumentation and control
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How to Perform Mass flow Measurements with DP sensors
Let’s assume we are measuring flow by differential-creating primary device for example an orifice plate and a DP cell as illustrated in Figure 1 below: Figure 1 Liquid mass flow measurement The differential head across the primary device is corrected … Read more
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Instrumentation and Controls for a Steam Desuperheater
A steam generator is an item of plant equipment that is found in almost every manufacturing site, and its output of steam has many critical uses in a variety of production processes. Steam has been assigned a measurement quality and … Read more
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The Instrumentation for Furnace Control
The figure below shows a typical basic furnace used to raise the temperature of a heat-transfer medium that is used on other equipment in a plant process. Figure: Single-fuel combustion control system From the figure above, the temperature of the … Read more
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Null vs. Deflection Type Instruments
Null Instrument The null technique is one of the operational modes for a measuring instrument. A null instrument employs the null method for measurement. In this technique, the instrument exerts an influence on the measured system so as to oppose … Read more
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Analog vs. Digital Sensors
Analog Sensors Analog sensors provide a signal that is continuous in both its magnitude and its temporal (time) or spatial (space) content. Most physical variables such as, current, pressure, temperature, displacement, acceleration, speed, light intensity and strain tend to be … Read more
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What are PLC-Based Water Treatment Plants?
Most of the water treatment plants in the previous decade were manually operated. However, they were automated to a certain degree using relays or electrical control panels but the system was not reliable and required a lot of space. In … Read more
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Electric Solenoid Actuator – Features & Operation
A typical electric solenoid actuator consists of a coil, armature, spring, and stem. This is illustrated in the figure below: Figure: Electric solenoid actuator The coil is connected to an external current supply. The spring rests on the armature to … Read more
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Pressure Control Valve Operation
A pressure control valve is a spring-loaded valve that is capable of maintaining a constant pressure in a system regardless of the flow rate. This is important, since most pumps e.g. gear pumps are constant-displacement types – a constant volume … Read more
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Basic Steps to Consider in Designing a Control System
Typically a control system should be designed to work together with an already existing process. The control design problem can be stated at local, supervisory or even plant-wide level. If we consider the local level, the typical steps in designing … Read more
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Fuzzy Controller and its Industrial Applications
Fuzzy logic is a human model, potentially applicable to a wide range of processes and tasks that require human instinct and experience. In computer, truth-values are either 1 or 0, which corresponds to true/false duality. In fuzzy logic, truth is … Read more