Tag: instrumentation and control
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Input & Output Modules of a PLC – Types & Applications
The input/output modules act as the signal interface between the monitoring sensors and actuators, and the controller. Additional they provide electrical isolation, if needed, to convert the input signals into an electronic format appropriate for evaluation by the … Read more
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The IEEE-488 Instrumentation Bus (GPIB)
A bus in computer systems means a collection of unbroken signal lines that interconnect computer modules; these connections are usually made by taps on the lines. Examples of parallel bus architectures and protocols include: IBM PC bus (IBM PC/XT/AT), the … Read more
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What are Virtual Instruments?
Virtual instruments (VI) are instruments based on computer software whose controls and displays are presented on a computer screen and whose operation and settings are controlled by the keyboard and mouse. Instead of purchasing a number of expensive, dedicated, standalone … Read more
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Instrument Piping Systems Installation Guidelines
The right installation ensures the long term instrument system reliability. In this article we look at the general guidelines for the installation of instrument piping systems. Piping Systems/Tubing Runs Before we can proceed, it is important to state the difference … Read more
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What is the Safety Instrumented Function (SIF)?
The safety instrumented function (SIF) is used to monitor a selected process parameter and takes an executive action to make the process safe, if certain limits are exceeded. An illustration of safety instrumented function in a process plant is shown … Read more
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How HAZOP Technique is used to identify Hazards in a Process
In functional safety, hazards are events which have the potential to cause harm such as personal injury, damage to the environment or the business. Hazards in the process industry might include: the pressure of liquid in a vessel (high pressure … Read more
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Safety Function in a Machine Control System
A safety function is executed by the safety-related parts of the machine control system to achieve or maintain the equipment under control in a safe state with respect to a specific hazard. A failure of the safety function can result … Read more
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Types of Load Cells and How Do They Work?
In the vast landscape of industrial measurement, load cells play a pivotal role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of weight and force measurements. These sophisticated devices, integral to myriad applications across industries, convert mechanical force into measurable electrical outputs.… Read more
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Combustion & Temperature Control for a Direct-Fired Process Heater
The figure below shows the control schemes applied to a direct-fired process heater. Fig: Combustion & temperature control on direct-fired process heater From the diagram above, the heat from the burning fuel is applied directly to the tubes carrying the … Read more