The safety instrumented function (SIF) is used to monitor a selected process parameter and takes an executive action to make…
In functional safety, hazards are events which have the potential to cause harm such as personal injury, damage to the…
The figure below shows the control schemes applied to a direct-fired process heater. Fig: Combustion & temperature control on direct-fired…
Water is one of the most common contaminants in instrument air systems, causing corrosion of metal components and as a…
While power cables are what we can refer to the “arteries” of industry, control and instrumentation cables are its “nerves”…
The function of the manipulating device is to influence the process variable. Its main purpose is to regulate a mass…
A valve is a mechanical device that controls the flow of fluid and pressure within a system or process. A…
When steam-heated reboilers are used in distillation columns and the heating medium is steam, a flow control loop for the…
If a constriction is placed in a pipe as shown in figure 1 below, the flow must be higher through…
Let’s consider the figure below: Figure 1.0 Typical single-fuel cross-limited combustion control system In the system above, the output of…
