A hazardous location is defined as a location where fire or explosion hazards exist due to the presence of flammable…
Functional safety is the risk reduction provided by the functions implemented to ensure the safe operations of the process. The…
Background of 4-20 mA Signal Transmission Initially signal transmission was dominated by pneumatics before the advent of 4-20 mA signal…
A smart sensor is the integration of a sensor with an analogue to digital converter (ADC), a processor and digital…
Most modern PID controllers have the following features: Manual versus automatic modeOutput trackingSetpoint trackingAlarm capabilitiesProcess variable (PV) characterization and dampingSetpoint…
Electromechanical relay (EMR) is a device that uses an electromagnet to provide the force to close or open switch contacts…
In direct digital control (DDC) a single computer is able to carry out PID control for multiple loops at the…
Digital PID controllers have replaced most pneumatic and electronic analog controllers in industrial control applications. Digital PID controllers are preferred…
Process and Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs), also called Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams and Loop diagrams are construction and documentation drawings that…
The reed like contacts of a reed relay are encapsulated in a small sealed glass tube that is evacuated or…
