Author: John Mulindi
-
What is Calibration of the Sensor?
Calibration of the sensor is the relationship between the physical measurement variable input and the signal variable output for that specific sensor. Typically, a sensor or an entire instrument system is calibrated by providing a known physical input to the system and recording the output. The data is plotted on a calibration curve such as…
-
How HAZOP Technique is used to identify Hazards in a Process
In functional safety, hazards are events which have the potential to cause harm such as personal injury, damage to the environment or the business. Hazards in the process industry might include: the pressure of liquid in a vessel (high pressure may result in loss of containment, leaks or vessel rupture), the level of liquid in…
-
Safety Function in a Machine Control System
A safety function is executed by the safety-related parts of the machine control system to achieve or maintain the equipment under control in a safe state with respect to a specific hazard. A failure of the safety function can result in an immediate increase of the risks of using the equipment; that is, a hazardous…
-
Types of Load Cells and How Do They Work?
In the vast landscape of industrial measurement, load cells play a pivotal role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of weight and force measurements. These sophisticated devices, integral to myriad applications across industries, convert mechanical force into measurable electrical outputs. Australia, with its robust and diverse industrial sector, is home to a significant demand for…
-
What Is the Aluminium Layer of a PCB?
Aluminium is among the most important metals on earth. It’s used in various industries and applications, including aircraft parts, furniture, and sporting equipment. However, did you know it’s also used to create aluminium substrate PCBs – one of the most important components of modern electronics? In this post, we’ll discuss the design, function, benefits, and…
-
Frequency Synthesizer – Features, Operation & Applications
Frequency synthesis is a technique of producing a range of frequencies with crystal-controlled stability. A frequency synthesizer uses phase-locked loop (PLL) to generate output frequencies over a wide range. The typical range is from 1 MHz to 160 MHz. As illustrated in the block diagram above, the key components of the frequency synthesizer are: The…
-
Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)
Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are electromechanical devices that protect an electrical circuit from over currents, in other words, MCBs are switches that automatically turns OFF when the current flowing them exceeds the maximum allowable limit. Over currents in an electrical circuit may be caused by short circuits overload or faulty designs. MCBs functions by interrupting…
-
Overhead vs. Underground Power Distribution Systems
A power distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission system and the consumer’s meters. A distribution system generally is made up of feeders, distributors and the service mains. In this case, a feeder is a conductor which connects the substation (localized generating station) to the area where the power…
-
Phase-Locked Loops (PLL) – Features, Operation & Applications
Features of a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a form of a servo system which consists of a phase detector, low-pass filter and voltage controlled-oscillator (VCO) as illustrated in the block diagram below. The phase detector compares the phase of the VCO with the incoming reference signal, giving an output proportional to…