The part of the electromagnetic spectrum referred to as the microwave region loosely includes 1-300 GHz for practical purposes. These…
Introduction The knowledge of how to design low noise instrumentation systems is an essential skill that any practicing instrumentation engineer…
Optimal control is whereby the requirements are formulated as either the minimization of a cost index or the maximization of…
As the name suggests these sensors employs fiber optics technology to function. A fiber optic sensor generally guides light to…
The increasing requirement to demonstrate the integrity and reliability of engineering materials, products and plant has contributed immensely to the…
For anyone performing a measurement using a particular instrument, it usually matters to know whether the instrument is calibrated or…
Radar level transmitter basically employs electromagnetic waves to determine the fluid level in a tank. It converts level information into…
Signal transmission in process instrumentation and control systems is largely done via electrical transmission but there are a few areas…
In similar way to electronic systems, redundancy is extensively employed technique for enhancing the reliability of many industrial plants and…
Interferometer sensors employ energy in the form of light or sound to make precise position/location measurements. There are a number…
