Proportional Plus Integral (PI) Control System

4 years ago

This type of control is combination of two control modes, proportional and integral (reset). The Combining of the two modes…

Modulation in Communication Systems

4 years ago

Introduction Modulation is the process of changing some characteristics (e.g. Amplitude, Frequency, or Phase) of a carrier wave in accordance…

RF Scalar and Vector Network Analyzers

4 years ago

The RF network analyzer is an active test instrument which generates a signal that is applied to the device under…

DC Networks Theorems

4 years ago

The laws that determine the currents and voltage drops in DC networks: Ohm’s law The law’s for resistors in series…

Key Facts about Resistors, Resistor Colour Codes and Resistor Tolerance

4 years ago

Resistors perform two basic functions in electronics: To limit current flow To set voltage levels within a circuit These two…

Basic Features of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

4 years ago

Introduction to Programmable Logic Controllers What is a Programmable Logic Controller? A PLC is a user friendly; microprocessor-based specialized equipment…

Inductance

4 years ago

What is Inductance? Inductance is the property of a circuit whereby there is an emf induced into the circuit by…

Radio Frequency Spectrum Analyser

4 years ago

Spectrum analysis is the analysing of signals in terms of their frequencies. The spectrum analyser can measure the frequencies present…

Capacitors, Capacitance and Charge

4 years ago

Introduction to Capacitors A capacitor is an electrical device that is used to store electrical energy. A capacitor consists of…

Pneumatic Actuators

4 years ago

Valves cannot control a process by themselves. Manual valves require an operator to position them to control a process variable.…