Photons are the elemental units of electromagnetic spectrum. For example, white light is composed of a number of different kinds…
Radio communication is the radiation of radio waves by the transmitting station, the propagation of these waves through the space…
In radio transmission, it is necessary to send audio signal e.g. music, speech, etc. from a broadcasting station over great…
A communication system consists of an input device, a transmitter, a transmission medium, receiver and output device. The input device…
Single-loop motor The effect of the force in a magnetic field may be used to cause the rotation of a…
Electronic instruments mainly voltmeters used either transistor or vacuum tubes. The later one is called The Vacuum Tube Voltmeter (VTVM)…
Integral (Reset) control Reset/Integral control describes a controller in which the output rate of change is dependent on the magnitude…
A transformer consists of several coils wound on a common core that usually consists of laminated iron (to reduce eddy-current…
A microcontroller is essentially a computer on a chip. It contains a processing unit, ROM, RAM, Serial communication ports, ADCs,…
The control mode In the proportional control mode, the final control element is throttled to various positions that are dependent…
