Background of 4-20 mA Signal Transmission Initially signal transmission was dominated by pneumatics before the advent of 4-20 mA signal…
Purely Resistive Circuits In resistive elements the current and voltage are in phase. Figure 1(a) purely resistive circuit Figure 1(b)…
A smart sensor is the integration of a sensor with an analogue to digital converter (ADC), a processor and digital…
Most modern PID controllers have the following features: Manual versus automatic modeOutput trackingSetpoint trackingAlarm capabilitiesProcess variable (PV) characterization and dampingSetpoint…
Electromechanical relay (EMR) is a device that uses an electromagnet to provide the force to close or open switch contacts…
Causes of Power Surges Transient overvoltages in power systems may arise from a number of sources. Power disturbances resulting from…
In direct digital control (DDC) a single computer is able to carry out PID control for multiple loops at the…
Switchgear can be defined as equipment used for controlling, regulating and switching ON and OFF power circuits. Switchgear units range…
Digital PID controllers have replaced most pneumatic and electronic analog controllers in industrial control applications. Digital PID controllers are preferred…
Process and Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs), also called Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams and Loop diagrams are construction and documentation drawings that…
