4-20 mA Transmitters (2-wire, 3-wire and 4-wire Types)

4 years ago

Background of 4-20 mA Signal Transmission Initially signal transmission was dominated by pneumatics before the advent of 4-20 mA signal…

AC Circuits with Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors

4 years ago

Purely Resistive Circuits In resistive elements the current and voltage are in phase. Figure 1(a) purely resistive circuit Figure 1(b)…

What is a Smart Sensor?

4 years ago

A smart sensor is the integration of a sensor with an analogue to digital converter (ADC), a processor and digital…

Basic Features of Modern PID Controllers

4 years ago

Most modern PID controllers have the following features: Manual versus automatic modeOutput trackingSetpoint trackingAlarm capabilitiesProcess variable (PV) characterization and dampingSetpoint…

Electromechanical Relays (EMR)

4 years ago

Electromechanical relay (EMR) is a device that uses an electromagnet to provide the force to close or open switch contacts…

Surge Suppression in Power Systems

4 years ago

Causes of Power Surges Transient overvoltages in power systems may arise from a number of sources. Power disturbances resulting from…

Direct Digital Control (DDC)

4 years ago

In direct digital control (DDC) a single computer is able to carry out PID control for multiple loops at the…

Switchgear Equipment

4 years ago

Switchgear can be defined as equipment used for controlling, regulating and switching ON and OFF power circuits. Switchgear units range…

Digital PID Controllers

4 years ago

Digital PID controllers have replaced most pneumatic and electronic analog controllers in industrial control applications. Digital PID controllers are preferred…

P&IDs and Loop Diagrams

4 years ago

Process and Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs), also called Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams and Loop diagrams are construction and documentation drawings that…