The protection method used in a specific hazardous location depends on the application, the technology available and the specific explosive…
A hazardous location is defined as a location where fire or explosion hazards exist due to the presence of flammable…
Functional safety is the risk reduction provided by the functions implemented to ensure the safe operations of the process. The…
Alternating current generator Let’s consider a signal turn coil rotating freely at a constant angular velocity symmetrically between the poles…
Background of 4-20 mA Signal Transmission Initially signal transmission was dominated by pneumatics before the advent of 4-20 mA signal…
Purely Resistive Circuits In resistive elements the current and voltage are in phase. Figure 1(a) purely resistive circuit Figure 1(b)…
A smart sensor is the integration of a sensor with an analogue to digital converter (ADC), a processor and digital…
Most modern PID controllers have the following features: Manual versus automatic modeOutput trackingSetpoint trackingAlarm capabilitiesProcess variable (PV) characterization and dampingSetpoint…
Electromechanical relay (EMR) is a device that uses an electromagnet to provide the force to close or open switch contacts…
Causes of Power Surges Transient overvoltages in power systems may arise from a number of sources. Power disturbances resulting from…
